An extremely distant quasar showing plenty of evidence of a supermassive black hole in the centre. X-RAY: NASA/CXC/UNIV OF MICHIGAN/RCREIS ET AL; OPTICAL: NASA/STSCI
The question is how the largest black holes in the universe can grow so huge in such a short time. The final answer is provided by Astrid, a computer model of galaxy formation.
Black holes are usually formed during the final stages of stellar evolution when massive stars collapse. Therefore, when a black hole is born, its mass does not exceed a few dozen solar masses. Once it has formed, however, a black hole starts to attract the matter around it, and if the hole in question is located at the center of a galaxy with a high density of matter, it can grow to millions or even billions of solar masses and become a 'supermassive' black hole.
It could be found in the Milky Way one of such black holes, the Sagittarius A, which is more than four million times heavier than the Sun. Although Sagittarius A is an incomprehensible giant, it actually dwarfs to some of the much larger 'ultramassive' black holes already known, which mass is tens of billions of times more than the mass of the Sun.
However, ultramassive black holes are not only simply huge, they also pose a challenge to researchers: the problem is that, according to current theories of galaxy formation and evolution, no black hole has had the time and material to reach this mass, even if it formed shortly after the Big Bang. In other to the words, there is one more contradiction between observations and current theories.
But researchers have a hypothesis to explain the existence of these giants - that ultramassive holes are not the result of the evolution of a galaxy, but rather of the collision of two or even three galaxies, with supermassive holes in the middle of them merging to form an ultramassive hole. This would not only create simply an incredibly large hole, but this hole, would attract matter around it more quickly, because of its increased mass, so it would grow huge in a shorter time. For a long time, however, this remained a hypothesis. That's when Yueying Ni came into the picture for the American confirmation, Ni's statement found three ultramassive holes, all of which had gathered mass at this time, i.e. at cosmic noon.
Moreover, the simulation results largely agreed with the observations:
the mass of the largest known black holes is indeed around the equivalent of 40-65 billion solar masses. In fact, not only the masses of the supermassive black holes, but also the structure and luminosity of the host galaxies are in almost perfect agreement with the observations, making the study even more reliable.
Another interesting feature of the simulation is that the mass of the ultramassive black hole is very close to the theoretical maximum, after which the black hole has almost completed its absorption of material from the accretion disk around it.
According to this the computer simulations were quite accurate, and the theories describing the relationship between the black holes and the matter around them were brought to the team led by the astrophysicist woman who tested this idea on an astronomical model, Astrid.
As Ni said: "Astrid models a large part of the cosmos, spanning hundreds of millions of light years, yet it can zoom in (on smaller details) with very high resolution."
In the study, published in The Astrophysical Journal, the team focused on the age of the universe between 10 and 11 billion years. This period is known also as the cosmic noon, when the rate of star formation and the amount of matter absorbed by black holes reached this peak. In the simulation, the astrophysicists considered the evolution of 3,000 galaxies, resulting in the formation of more than 700 black holes with a mass more than 1 billion times that of the Sun’s.
Among these galaxies, several triple galaxy systems emerged that contained supermassive black holes - which eventually merged into an ultramassive galaxy. As expected, the black holes in the newly formed massive galaxies began to grow rapidly, reaching solar masses of approximately 50 billion, 65 billion and 100 billion in just a few hundred million years (i.e. at lightning speed on a cosmic scale) - after which their growth slowed down considerably.
According to Ni, three ultramassive holes have been found that all accumulated mass at this time, in the cosmic noon.
Moreover, the simulation results are very much in agreement with observations: the largest known black holes are indeed about 40 to 65 billion solar masses. In fact, not only the masses of the supermassive black holes, but also the structure and luminosity of the host galaxies are in almost perfect agreement with the observations, making the study even more reliable.
The mass of ultramassive black holes has been found to be very close to the theoretical maximum. This means that the computer simulations were reasonably accurate, moreover, theories describing the relationship between black holes and the matter surrounding them are also appropriate.
I think so
It's a pity they stopped the computer, maybe it could have shown what happens after the maximum, when the ultramassive black hole stops growing. So you can only think and guess what to expect after that.
For example:
It is very interesting to see how an ultramassive black hole continues to behave after losing its accretion disk. The accretion disk has been part of all black holes so far.
Also, the matter in the ultramassive black hole may still hold surprises. It is not possible, that the infinite amount of matter inside, would stay that way forever.
But I think it's expected that something will happen.
Now I'll try to describe what would happen with an ultramassive black hole after it becomes saturated:
- It is possible that it explodes and its matter spread all over the Universe.
- A new Universe could be born from it.
- The absence of an accretion disk should cause gravitational and magnetic problems.
- It is not conceivable that it would simply end with a slow termination by Hawking radiation.
- Hawking radiation is faster in the small black holes, than the process is slower in the ultramassive black holes, or even has stopped already.
- May be the ultramassive black hole collides with a similar black hole and the cataclysm reveals some new physics.
Neither is it impossible, since the ultramassive black hole has a solar mass of 40 to 60 billion, so its gravity is the same degree compared to the Sun's mass.
It is conceivable that this ultramassive black hole could reverse the current assumption of the Universe expanding with its enormous gravity, if the number of gravitational black holes increases.
I do not believe if it could be true, the Universe’s expanding at the speed of light.
I much prefer to accept the measurements having made so far, using redshift and exploding stars, supernovas, have not been adequate methods of measuring the expansion of the Universe.
This ultramassive black hole with its size and huge gravity is emitting ultra amount of vacuum energy (dark energy).
As there are more ultramassive black holes in the Tarantula Nebula, the amount of vacuum energy should increase, which would enhances the expansion of the Universe, but this would not be possible, as the Universe is still expanding at the speed of light according to the current researches and to Einstein’s statement that the speed of light cannot be exceeded.
The speed of light cannot be exceeded in the Universe, but the Cosmos may be expanding beyond the speed of light, that’s why Einstein's statement about speed of light rate is still valid!
But the ultramassive black hole is said to emit vacuum energy (dark energy) into the Universe, causing the Universe to expand at high speed. That sounds like a pretty good theory!
But a black hole grown to an ultramassive size, could have a mass of 40-100 billion solar masses, and then the growth stops. I think the growth is not only in terms of its size, its mass, but its gravity must also increase accordingly.
Thus, an ultramassive black hole may not be suitable as a cause of the expansion of the Universe, since the giant gravity is what pulls the constituents of the Universe back together. So, this distancing due to Vacuum energy and the expansion of the Universe consequently can work only if we don't count on the increase of giant gravity!?
But if we take into account the gravity of the Ultramassive black hole, and the vacuum dark energy emission is reduced or eliminated, in this case the gravity of the Ultramassive black hole can slow down, even stop the expansion of the Universe! This process possible is because black holes are constantly being created in the Universe and will eventually grow into Ultramassive black holes.
FRESH NEWS
A supermassive-ultramassive black hole vacuumed up an extremely huge gas cloud, causing the largest explosion in the Universe, with which it certainly exceeded the mass of the supermassive and ultramassive black hole.
This could lead to the creation of unknown new physics and new matter! I infer this because similar giant explosions are produced in giant accelerators on Earth, and new physics and new matter are created after the explosions.
But if supermassive and ultramassive black holes emit unimaginably high vacuum energy, it follows that giant black holes must lose mass.
If they lose mass, they cannot emit enough vacuum energy after a while, so the dark energy (vacuum energy) that constitutes the expansion of the Universe must decrease. The expansion rate of the Universe will then decrease.
Physics is capable of miracles, it is not even impossible that if a supermassive-ultramassive black hole loses sufficient, high levels of energy, then the supermassive-ultramassive black hole, which has already stopped working, will start up again.
I think that because these giant ultramassive black holes are just very far away, about ten billion light years away, than their creation is a special new physics. After all, there shouldn't be any matter there.
Astronomers attribute the change in processes to the effects of supermassive black holes at the centre of galaxies, but it is difficult to find concrete evidence of this long ago.
The giant black hole hurtling through space
Although you can't see it, it has been speeding through the nebulae of stars in space, but you can see lots of star formation in its wake. By scanning old images from giant telescopes, they have detected, they have seen, that in the Universe, in long, stretched-out straight lines, like a a river of stars streaming, lots of stars are forming.
After examining the front of the star formation with the instruments of nowadays, they found that a giant black hole exists there, hurtling around the Milky Way.
It is flying by the galaxy at 100,000 miles per hour (161,000 km) in the Universe. Using gravitational microlensing, the black hole was discovered where scientists observed distortions of light caused by the gravity of an object.
How many interesting wonders are in the Universe!
But how and what caused it to start, and especially at such a speed?
- Perhaps it's possible that two spiral galaxies were colliding, with two giant black holes in the middle, which were merging, generating huge gravitational waves. As a result of the collision, their stars and nebulas formed a huge vortex (I've seen such vortices, huge gravitational energies are swirling).
- A third galaxy approached to this, when a double giant gravitational wave and vortex from the merger of the two galaxies starting just merging together and the two black holes inside them, tore the third galaxy apart and accelerated the black hole inside it so much that it was blown out into the Universe.
Now we can see that black hole with gravitational lens, orbiting the Milky Way. I should mention that, relatively close to this, researchers have found another black hole that is speeding along in the same way.
This implies that there could be more similar speeding black holes in the Universe. Its origin requires a new physical explanation. Perhaps the explanation is that the black hole orbiting the Milky Way will soon join the Milky Way.
The Tarantula Nebula and stars
