MAGNETISM IN THE UNIVERSE

Background: to express my thoughts more clearly, I have used images of my own creation, but I have also found it necessary to use images and descriptions by the greats, I have always published the details of the creator of the image and description,
so I thank the Creators!

I am driven by curiosity, I need to know how was and still is created magnetism, if it has any matter and what mediates it.
The real name of it is electromagnetism. The circle current electricity creates the magnetic effect and its lines of force, these lines of force that have no beginning and not end, too. These mediate the field strength of the magnet. A metal bar magnet retains its strength and neither its half-life couldn’t be known.
The atomic electrons are to be thought as the simplest models which particles moving in orbits around the nucleus. If an electron with charge "e"
("e" is the so-called elementary charge - 1.6 -10-19 C) orbiting in the atom on a circular orbit of radius "r", then time could be determined required to complete the orbit, with which the „e” charge must be distributed, intensity of current we obtain. Multiplying this by the area A=r2π encircled by the orbit gives the magnitude of the magnetic torque of the elementary circle current.
The vector quantity direction of the magnetic torque is perpendicular to the plane of the circular orbit. The total magnetic torque is the summary of the elementary torques.The theoretical description proves that magnetism is generated by circle currents, because magnetism and circle currents alternate to maintain the strength of the magnet.
From the above, it is clear to me how electromagnetism and its lines of force are created. At the same time, I discover a quite strong similarity between the function and behaviour of electromagnetism and gravity. In the existence and passing away of stars being born, electromagnetism and gravity are mutually involved. Meanwhile, the two vastly different electromagnetisms and gravity do not cancel each other out, but neither do they help each other. At the same time, both of them have its field strength and interaction in their own right.
But in the functioning of the Universe the electromagnetism and gravity have an essential role. The effect of gravity is infinite nature, but it is constantly diminishing, but it is still competent of operating the universe. The existence of the remote effect is not clear in the case of electromagnetism, but in the stars and galaxies its operation is proven.
The magnetic field always has two opposite poles, neither of which is possible by itself. Opposing poles attract, identical poles repel. Iron objects themselves behave as magnets when they are close to a magnetic field, which causes the particles inside them to arrange themselves in a 'direction' and their effect add together. The termination of the external magnetic field particles become disordered again and some of the particles magnetic effect cancel each other out. The steel, however, retains its magnetism and the particles remain ordered when the field is removed. An important difference between magnetism and electricity is that electric charges can be separated, but the poles of the magnetic field cannot.

By the way of comparison, some data on the magnetic force:
the Earth's magnetic field is about 0.5 Gauss,
average cooling magnets are between 35 and 200 Gauss,
Industrial devices are between 300 and 5000 Gauss.
Magnetic field (also called magnetic space) magnetic forcefield
A moving electric charge (electric current) or the change in the electric field could create. The physical quantity characterising the magnetic field is the magnetic flux density, measured in tesla (Vs/m²).

Its characteristics are:
The forcelines of the magnetic field are closed curves, having neither beginning (source) nor an end (absorption). Opposite to the electricity, there are magnetic monopoles or magnetically charged particles. (The poles of the bar magnet - the magnetic dipole – its poles correspond to an ordered power line beams). The basic property of magnetism is not the attractive or repulsive force exerted on a body, but the torque force exerted on circle currents (or moving electrically charged particles).

Measurement:
For metrological reasons it’s not the field strength being measured from among the characteristics of the magnetic field, as in the case of an electric field,but the flux or its density. The change in magnetic flux density causes a voltage surge according to Faraday's law of induction, which can be measured easier and more accurately, for example with a ballistic galvanometer, than with the magnetometric magnetic field strength method connected to Carl Friedrich Gauss.
To express the magnetic field degrees tesla and gauss are used
tesla 1 = 10 000 gauss, or 10 G = 1 mT (1 millitesla).
The giant star sheds its enormous outer shell when collapsing, and that disperses throughout the Universe. Its centre shrinks and becomes a neutron star, possibly a magnetar or black hole. The most important is, the object created in the centre retains all the gravity of the giant star. It follows for me that in this case the neutron star being created from the giant star will fully retain also its magnetism, and thus can be from it a Magnetar or black hole.

GRAVITATIONAL LENS

The gravitational lens are created not by accident. The way it is created in space and actually who or what creates the giant gravitational ring, with its own shape, and even bends the otherwise flat galaxy shape of its own, to the exact curve of the circumference of the gravitational ring it forms.
When galaxies are brought so impossibly close together, as in the orbit of a gravitational lens, according to physics, they should merge instantaneously, due to their own interaction and the gravitational and magnetic pull of their gravitational pull. So the gravitational ring should collapse immediately, because the galaxies should merge immediately. Nonsense, the gravitational ring is as if it does not exist, but it does, exist and had existed.
Nowdays keeping the galaxies at an impossibly minimal distance in the orbits of gravitational lenses is made possible by several factors:
e.g., it is possible that the ring formed by the galaxies is rotating, and the centrifugal force resulted prevents the galaxies from merging.
The yet unknown physical phenomena and properties, that made possible, and created this magnificent creation, the gravitational lens. The design and construction of the gravitational lens is, for the reasons mentioned above, an impossible task, unfeasible by human reason. And the impossible miracle of the gravitational lens does occur not only once, but in many places in the sky, and many times it contributes to the greatness of its existence, helping scientists in their work. The existence of the gravitational lens, the purposeful display of objects magnified by its enormity, may suggest intentionality or warning.

Magnetic lenses

The edge-on galaxy’s strongest, maximum magnetic and gravitational force is at its centre. This data is relevant for the operation of the gravitational lens. That is, in a gravitational lens, galaxies are in a circle ring, with their edges aligned and their centres pointing towards the centre of the ring, imparting that’s why a greater gravitational force.
Magnets, with their force lines and fields of force, are capable even for magnification, and to power countless electromagnetic machines such as electric motors, similarly to gravity. This property has been and is still used by the engineering world and by designers in many applications.

Nowdays we are more familiar with MRI magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which can detect many serious diseases in time to keep the patient alive.
In the medicine is used also the magnetic therapy mattresses and various magnetic bioresonance devices, which use electromagnetic vibrations to detect and correct physical (physiological) abnormalities are.

The Earth’s axis

Földrajzi Északi-sark - Geographical North pole

Földrajzi Déli-sark - Geographical South pole

Mágneses Déli-sark - Magnetic South pole

The Earth's magnetic Van Allen belt field with the Sun's fler
Distort figure, the Sun and the Earth are much further apart.

The Earth's magnetic field is a magnetic dipole, similar to a magnetic field generated by a bar magnet, its two poles equal to the Geomagnetic North and South magnetic poles.
If a bar magnet is suspended, balanced in the middle, with a thin string, it will stop after short movements and you will see that the South pole of the bar magnet points towards the Earth's North magnetic pole and the North pole points towards the Earth's South pole, so it is a compass. This proves that opposite north and south poles attract each other and the same poles repel.
The imaginary axis connecting the two magnetic poles of the Earth is 11.3° from the rotation axis of our planet. The magnetic poles are not stable, in each year migrate on average 15 kilometres from the Earth's surface, the two magnetic poles migrate in independent directions and are not exactly at opposite points on the globe.
Another sign of the field's instability is the pole flip, that occurs every 200 000 years or so. Observations of Hawaii's volcanoes, based on measurements of the magnetism preserved in the rocks, suggest that the polarity of the magnetic field changes from time to time. The last such event occurred 780 000 years ago. The origin of the magnetic field is thought to be the dynamo effect in the Earth's core, in which currents created by the flow of molten metal induce electric circuit currents and magnetic fields.
The magnetic field induced in the Earth's core creates an extremely large magnetic bubble, called the magnetosphere, around our planet, extending tens of thousands of kilometres from the surface.
The shape of the magnetosphere is not spherically symmetric, but resembles a comet, as it is distorted by the pressure of the solar wind (on the day side of the Earth it compresses the magnetosphere, pushing the boundary closer to the surface, while on the night side it stretches it out like a boat).
The magnetosphere forms a protective envelope around the Earth, filtering out much of the radiation from the Sun and others, which has allowed life to develop and protected it since the beginning.

There are two experimental proofs of the presence of the magnetosphere.
The first is the aurora, the light phenomenon caused by photons released in space by particles flowing with the solar wind as they ionise atmospheric gases along the lines of force of the field.
The other is the compass, an instrument in which the needle is aligned with the magnetic north-south direction.

The Earth's magnetic field is maintained by the flow of metal in a liquid state in our planet's inner core, due to dynamo and gravitational forces. This is coupled with a much smaller scale but dynamically changing component, the magnetic field of currents in the Earth's ionised upper atmosphere. The sum of these two components is the surface geomagnetic field.

The Earth's inner core is the dynamo that creates the earth's magnetism

The rotating core that creates the Earth's magnetism has recently come to a halt. But thanks to the Creator, it has started up again, providing the Earth's magnetic protection and vitality, the Earth's atmosphere. It was the case that one of our planets, Mars, lost its atmosphere because its rotating inner core, which provides magnetic immunity, stopped.

Earth orbit around the Sun

March 21. Spring equinox
Length of summer term  - 186 day 11 hour
July 4. - Summer solstice - Aphelion
September 23. - Autumn equinox
Length of winter half-year - 178 day 19 hour
​December 22. - Winter solstice - perihelion

Magnetism of the stars

At the end of their lives, stars expand and then contract, so that their gravitational and magnetic forces remain and become highly concentrated. This is how magnetar stars are created, with magnitudes of up to 1 quadrillion Gauss (a singular number followed by 15 zeros). The shrinkage of a star's diameter varies inversely with the square of its diameter, so if the star would shrink by half, its magnetic force would increase by a factor of four. 
Pulsars have a huge magnetic force. The surface value is 100 trillion (1014 gauss).
And there are many similar pulsars, magnetars, operating in the Universe, whome gravitational and magnetic forces increase by similar amounts, almost infinitely, as they shrink.
In my opinion, the current scientific theory of the passing of the Universe needs to be reconsidered.

The Sun is an ordinary star,

The Sun has less magnetism than the Earth, It has regular magnetic flares, sunbursts, but sometimes they are very intense. When the Sun has a 14-year cycle, the flares, which can be as much as 200,000 km from the Sun, produce a huge magnetic force. So strong that the flares are torn away from the sun and the hydrogen and other radiant material inside them reaches the Earth at the speed of light in 8 minutes. 
In 2024, 2025, solar activity is expected to increase significantly, and the sun's magnetic flares, the flares, are expected to be more numerous and larger in size. Although the Earth is protected by its magnetic shield and the ozone shield, these do not provide 100% protection. Solar flares can cause major disruptions to power grids, transmission lines, solar flares can induce surges in significant currents, and can cause transformers to blow, wires to burn. The current induced by the powerful high-speed hydrogen and particle radiation generated by the huge energy flare generated in the sun that reaches the Earth can cause transmission lines and transformers to blow. For this case a contingency plan ought to be drawn up by the experts.
Satellites are also very vulnerable to solar flares, which can burn sensitive circuits and cause the satellite to explode. There could also be disruption and disruption of GPS services, which today can cause problems for individuals and businesses all over the world. 
Other similar stars in the Universe also behave magnetically like the Sun. But also from a health point of view, a solar flare can cause health problems such as heart attacks and pacemaker failures.

Spiralling neutron stars

Scientists have also known for some time that supernovae can produce long GRBs with bursts of more than two seconds. In 2017, it was also discovered that two neutron stars spiralling into each other can emit short GRBs. The observed explosion in 2017 was 130 million light years away. However, this did not sufficiently explain the other GRBs that researchers observe in our skies almost daily.
GRB is a spectacular, colourful light phenomenon that is produced when neutron stars explode. Its changing colour is coloured by different materials burning at high temperatures.

GRB outbreak 2020

This situation changed in a matter of seconds on 15 April 2020. On that day, the giant GRB ripped through our solar system past Mars. It was the first known giant GRB since the launch of NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope in 2008. This time, telescopes and instruments collected much more information about the giant GRB burst than the previous one, which came 16 years earlier.
The source was identified with the help of an international organisation of researchers known as the Interplanetary Network (IPN). They believe the burst came from a special neutron star (magnetar) in the Sculptor galaxy, NGC 253.

The magnetar
is a neutron star with an extremely strong magnetic field. It is this magnetic field that generates the huge amount of electromagnetic radiation, some of which is in the X-ray and some in the gamma-ray range.
The theory of these celestial bodies was developed by Robert Duncan and Christopher Thompson in 1992. In the following decade, the magnetar hypothesis became widely accepted as a possible physical explanation for soft gamma-ray repeaters and anomalous X-ray pulsars.

Evolution of
In the final stages of their lives, stars with masses larger than the Sun's transform into neutron stars, black holes or magnetars in a spectacular explosion (supernovae), depending on the mass of the initial core.
Robert Ducan and Christopher Thompson have calculated that the magnetic field of a neutron star is a huge 108 tesla by default, but some physical phenomena allow it to reach 1011 tesla.

Properties:
There is still a lack of knowledge about magnetars, partly due to the lack of observations, as there are none in the vicinity. Magnetars have a diameter of around 10-20 km, but their mass is greater than that of the Sun. This extraordinary mass and relatively small volume results in a unique density, which is common to neutron stars, with a teaspoonful weighing billions of tonnes. They are also characterised by their rapid rotation.
Their periodic time is between 2 -10s. 
Their active lifetime is not very long, and the incredibly strong magnetic field starts to weaken after about 10 000 years. It is estimated that the number of magnetars in the Milky Way with reduced or extinct activity observed today is around 30 million, a very high number, but it is not mentioned in science, although it is worth investigating.
I don't think they have an infinite life, and the magnetars that have already stopped working are worth investigating.
What can we expect later? Its incredibly powerful magnetism and the extraordinary weight of its matter are such that they could affect the operating, the very existence of the entire universe.
It is not impossible that after a long time they will merge with each other, and so all their properties will be added together, intensified. Objects with dramatic mass, magnetism and gravity would be created, which attract everything to themselves. And spinning at such high speed, they could implement a whole new physics, demoliting with their giant energetic jet beams, the magnetars would completely rearranging the universe.
At random times, 10-100 times the normal jet radiation can occur for short periods, this is thought to be created by an extreme magnetic field of 1010-1011 tesla.
The exact mechanism of this phenomenon is a matter of debate.

Magnetic field
Magnetars are characterised by the extremely strong magnetic field surrounding them, which can be as strong as 10gigatesla. This value is several orders of magnitude greater than the man-made magnetic field and even the magnetic field being around the Earth dwarfs by it.
As a result, magnetars are entitled to use the title of objects with the largest magnetic field detected so far. They have such a strong field that they would be lethal at a distance of 1000 kilometres and even could wipe information off a bank card at half the Earth-Moon distance (384 403 km).

The magnetic field of the Milky Way

The Milky Way is a giant spiral galaxy with many stars, nebulae and black holes, as well as the Solar System. At the centre of the Milky Way is a giant supermassive black hole called Sagittarius A. This black hole has already consumed the stars around it, but countless giant stars revolve around it in its eccentric orbit. This black hole is generating star formation at the outer edge of the Milky Way. The image shows, that Sagittarius A rotates in the opposite direction to its original. This is due to a collision with a large black hole, which caused the rotation to change to the opposite direction.

Sagittarius A in the Milky Way

In the spiral arms of the Milky Way, the magnetic lines of force are broadly aligned with the galaxy as a whole, but closer up they may actually lie in quite different places, for example because of supernovae and stellar winds.
Galactic magnetic fields are extremely weak, about a hundred thousand times weaker than the Earth's own magnetic field. However, over long periods of time, weak magnetic fields also accelerate gas and dust in interstellar space, which explains the existence of some stellar nurseries - star-forming regions - that cannot be explained by gravity alone, and which also seem to require a magnetic force to form stars.
Mapping magnetic fields in our galaxy can help us to better understand the nature and evolution of the Milky Way and other galaxies. 
High-energy emissions have been measured from a nearby supermassive black hole.
The Perseus A black hole at the centre of the lensing galaxy NGC 1275.
Astronomers have used the Event Horizon telescope to study an active supermassive black hole at the heart of the Perseus A galaxy. The instrument also spotted a battle between gravity and magnetism.
Astronomers have observed a supermassive black hole (on an intergalactic scale) almost next door, shooting jets of matter at close to the speed of light. These outflows reveal a battle between magnetism and gravity. The discovery could help scientists better understand how black holes feed on matter. And of course how they shoot out powerful beams of radiation, that reach far beyond their galaxy. The team used the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) to make observations at the heart of the radio galaxy 3C 84, also known as Perseus A.
The region is powered by an active supermassive black hole. The EHT took the first images of a black hole ever seen by mankind. The strong source of the radio waves is Perseus A, the centre of the active galaxy NGC 1275, the central galaxy of the Perseus supercluster, 230 million light years from Earth. This may sound like a huge distance, but the object we are observing is one of the closest supermassive black holes to our planet.
"The radio galaxy 3C 84 is particularly interesting because of the challenges in detecting and accurately measuring the polarisation of light near the black hole," said Jae-Young Kim, a member of the research team and associate professor of astrophysics at Kyungpook National University in South Korea, in a statement announcing the discovery. The magnetic magic of a black hole. It is not the first time that EHT has investigated the strong magnetism or gravity of a supermassive black hole, two of the four fundamental forces of the universe. After the telescope first imaged the supermassive black hole at the heart of the Messier 87 (M87) galaxy, it also mapped the polarisation of light around the 6.5 billion solar mass black hole. This work revealed details of the polarisation magnetic fields around the central black hole of M87. And in the new study, EHT also observed polarisation around Perseus A, suggesting an ordered magnetic field in its immediate vicinity. These magnetic fields prove their strength by overcoming the massive gravity of the black hole, which is estimated to be 40 million times the mass of the Sun. In doing so, they also launch high-speed radiation into space.
According to Georgios Filippos Paraschos, group leader of the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR) in Germany, the discovery could answer many questions.
"Our new results provide new evidence for an ordered magnetic field in the heated gas surrounding the black hole."

Magnetism or gravity?

When matter falls towards the black hole, it forms a strongly magnetic, so-called "accretion disk" around the object. As this disk rotates, the magnetic field lines inside it twist, coiling up tightly, preventing the efficient release of magnetic energy.
The fast-rotating Perseus A observations of the supermassive black hole and the magnetically confined disk around it suggest that the black hole's rotational speed may be related to its ability to launch beams of radiation.
This implies that while these beams represent the dominant magnetism over gravity, they can be assisted by external intervention from gravity.

A deeper investigation and the application of Einstein's 1915 theory of gravity, general relativity, may help to determine whether this is indeed the case. "Why are black holes so good at producing strong radiation? This is one of the most exciting questions in astrophysics," said Maciek Wielgus, a researcher at MPIfR. "We expect that general relativistic effects above the event horizon of the black hole could be the key to answering this question. Such high-resolution observations will finally open the way to empirical verification."

EHT could be a useful tool to answer this question. EHT can provide in-depth observations of the black hole and its radiation using a technique called interferometry (VLBI). This allows a picture to be formed by comparing signals from many telescope observations of the same object.

In my own imagination, I have often thought about how the black hole could be examined from the inside. Such a possibility came up to cause an explosion next to the accretion disk of the black hole, or to observe an explosion instrumentally, and the shock wave hitting the black hole, by wavering its surface and thereby inferring the properties of the matter inside it from the propagation and reflection of the waves that enter the black hole.

Magnetic field of the extra galaxy Magnetic force line system mapped onto the visible image of NGC 5775. The visible-light image of the galaxy was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, and the measured magnetic field strength values were copied onto it in blue and pink. Source: APOD, NRAO, NASA, ESA, Hubble Space Telescope / Source: wikipédia.org

The interstellar magnetic field, on the other hand, can be measured using the Faraday effect. The light from stars at different distances namely travels more or less to us.
The angle of polarisation of starlight that has travelled a longer distance is more skewed by the interstellar magnetic field. Therefor we need to measure the percentage of polarised light from stars at different distances, and plot this as a function of distance to obtain a measure of the strength of the galactic magnetic field.
The rate of Faraday rotation is directly proportional to the magnetic field strength and the length of the path in the magnetic field. Anyone who can measure the amount of rotation and has an idea or measured data on the distances in the galaxy can reconstruct the structure of the magnetic field in the galaxy. Neither the measurement nor the analysis is easy, but for some galaxies the task has been successfully accomplished.
The Universe was simply born with a magnetic field, and matter carried this magnetic field and gravity with it into galaxies. Or perhaps a magnetic field was created during the so-called recombination, or reionisation, of the Universe and was carried into the galaxies. The problem with these theories is that the models suggest that we should detect magnetic fields 50-100 times stronger than we see for such "inherited" magnetic fields.

The disks of spiral galaxies are filled with ionised gas clouds, and in between these gas clouds, neutral and ionised gas of lower density (interstellar matter) is everywhere. These gas clouds are where star formation takes place and where gravity and magnetism (star formation regions) play a role in their formation, and the intense X-ray and ultraviolet radiation from the young, hot stars that form in their vicinity ionises some (or all) of the gas cloud material. At the same time, ionisation means that the radiation strips electrons from the gas atoms. This means that electrons with a negative electric charge and ions with a positive charge (atoms deprived of one or more electrons) remain in the cloud. Like stars, clouds orbit around the centre of the galaxy. In physics, this means a set of moving electric charge is the current.

The orbiting of the cloud around the Galaxy does not prove current, and neither its motion does not generate magnetic field. However, electrons and ions can move inside the cloud, so a magnetic field may be there inside. Charge flows can also occur inside the cloud, such as charges moving up and down or in circles. Such internal electric currents already create a magnetic field that can be felt outside (called an alpha-mega dynamo in astronomy).
​In reality, however, the magnetic field in clouds is in balance with the cloud's self-gravity, so it is probably insignificant that chaotic-turbulent motions inside it would generate a large magnetic field.

Budapest, 20.08.2024.

Ferenc Hollosi